Integrated fiducial marker for simultaneously calibrating sensors of different types

ABSTRACT

The present teaching relates to different configurations for facilitating calibration of multiple sensors of different types. A plurality of fiducial markers are arranged in space for simultaneously calibrating multiple sensors of different types. Each of the plurality of fiducial markers has a feature point thereon and is provided to enable the multiple sensors to calibrate by detecting the features points and estimating their corresponding 3D coordinates with respect to respective coordinate systems of the multiple sensors.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application is related to U.S. patent application Ser. No.16/847,972, filed Apr. 14, 2020, and U.S. patent application Ser. No.16/848,073, filed Apr. 14, 2020, issued as U.S. Pat. No. 11,366,233 onJun. 21, 2022, each of which are hereby incorporated by reference intheir entireties.

BACKGROUND 1. Technical Field

The present teaching generally relates to mechanical structure. Morespecifically, the present teaching relates to a mechanical construct forfacilitating sensor calibration.

2. Technical Background

With the advancement of sensing technologies, automation in differentindustries relies on sensing technologies to provide accurate andreliable information about the surrounding of the automation site whichforms the basis for various computerized decision makings. For example,autonomous vehicles deploy different types of sensors to gather relevantinformation to be used in obstacle avoidance, lane following, drivingstrategy determination, etc. Such sensor information allows the computersystem in a moving vehicle to make correct decisions on vehicle controlin dynamic situations. In such applications, sensors in multiplemodalities may be deployed in order to obtain different types ofinformation reliably in different weather and light conditions. Forinstance, some sensors such as a camera deployed on a vehicle is togather visual information of the surrounding. Other sensors such as aLiDAR or a radar on the same vehicle is to gather information related todepth of all what is around the vehicle. A GPS on a vehicle is forproviding geolocation information related to the vehicle.

For autonomous driving, information from different types of sensor datais often combined to make a sense of the surround as the basis ofautonomous driving decisions. For instance, an object (such as a movingvehicle) in front of an autonomous vehicle may be visible in a 2D imagewithout any depth information, while a depth sensor such as a LiDARsensor senses only depth information without knowledge of objects. Forobstacle avoidance, it is necessary to know the depth associated witheach objects around the vehicle. There are different known approaches todo that. An exemplary method is stereo techniques. With advancement ofsensing technologies, although a LiDAR sensor is not configured todetect objects, what is detected in a 2D image may be combined with thesensed depth map from a LiDAR to detect not only the location ofdifferent objects but also the depth information associated with each ofthe objects.

Traditionally, before its use, each sensor needs to be calibrated usingsome target and each sensor is usually calibrated separately using atarget specifically designed for that type of sensor. Each calibrationis performed based on its individual measurements and consequently, eachcalibrated sensor operates in its own coordinate system. This makes itdifficult to combine results from different sensors. Conventionally, tocorrespond a 3D point in one coordinate system (e.g., the one used by acamera) to a corresponding point in a different coordinate system (e.g.,the one used by a LiDAR), an transformation matrix may be derived basedon two known sets of corresponding points from the two coordinatesystems.

As calibrating different sensors requires different targets anddifferent methods, different sensors have different measurements whichare not always comparable. This makes the process of calibratingdifferent and different types of sensors and deriving transformationmatrices among different pairs of sensors labor intensive, timeconsuming, and error prone.

Therefore, there is a need for a more efficient approach to moreeffectively calibrate sensors to derive calibration parameters andefficiently derive transformation matrices for different pairs ofsensors.

SUMMARY

The teachings disclosed herein relate to methods, systems, andprogramming for data processing. More particularly, the present teachingrelates to methods, systems, and programming related to modeling a sceneto generate scene modeling information and utilization thereof.

In one example, the present teaching discloses a 3D configuration forfacilitating calibration of multiple sensors of different types. Aplurality of fiducial markers are arranged in space for simultaneouslycalibrating multiple sensors of different types. Each of the pluralityof fiducial markers has a feature point thereon and is provided toenable the multiple sensors to calibrate by detecting the featurespoints and estimating their corresponding 3D coordinates with respect torespective coordinate systems of the multiple sensors.

In a different example, the present teaching discloses a fiducial markerfor simultaneously calibrating sensors of different types. The fiducialmarker includes a plurality of planar facets spatially connected to formthe fiducial marker, a feature point on the fiducial marker formed byvertices of the plurality of planar facets. Each of the plurality ofplanar facets exhibits a different visual property to facilitatedetection of the feature point based on visual properties. The featurepoint on the fiducial marker has a distinctive geometric measurement tofacilitate detection thereof based on geometric properties of thefiducial marker. At least one of the sensors of a first of the differenttypes detects, when calibrating, the feature point based on the visualproperties of the plurality of planar facets. One or more of the sensorsof a second of the different types detect, when calibrating, the featurepoint based on the geometric properties of the fiducial marker.

In yet another different example, the present teaching discloses asystem for automatic initiation of calibrating multiple sensors ofdifferent types. This system includes a fiducial marker having aplurality of planar facets spatially connected, a feature point on thefiducial marker formed by vertices of the plurality of planar facets,and a sub-structure attached on the fiducial marker having a GPS signalreceiver embedded therein. Each of the plurality of planar facetsexhibits a different visual property to facilitate detection of thefeature point based on visual properties and the corresponding featurepoint thereon has a distinctive geometric measurement to facilitatedetection thereof based on geometric properties of the fiducial marker.The GPS signal receiver in the sub-structure is provided to facilitateautomatic initiation of the calibration.

Additional advantages and novel features will be set forth in part inthe description which follows, and in part will become apparent to thoseskilled in the art upon examination of the following and theaccompanying drawings or may be learned by production or operation ofthe examples. The advantages of the present teachings may be realizedand attained by practice or use of various aspects of the methodologies,instrumentalities and combinations set forth in the detailed examplesdiscussed below.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The methods, systems and/or programming described herein are furtherdescribed in terms of exemplary embodiments. These exemplary embodimentsare described in detail with reference to the drawings. Theseembodiments are non-limiting exemplary embodiments, in which likereference numerals represent similar structures throughout the severalviews of the drawings, and wherein:

FIG. 1 illustrates an autonomous vehicle with sensors deployed thereon,in accordance with an embodiment of the present teaching;

FIG. 2A shows exemplary types of sensors that may be deployed on anautonomous vehicle, in accordance with an embodiment of the presentteaching.

FIG. 2B depicts exemplary different sensor racks where sensors ofdifferent types are mounted at different parts of a vehicle to providesurround information to facilitate autonomous driving, in accordancewith an embodiment of the present teaching;

FIGS. 3A-3B show exemplary configurations of different types of sensorscalibrated separately in separate coordinate systems and transformationsthereof;

FIGS. 4A-4B show an exemplary integrated fiducial marker forsimultaneously calibrating multiple sensors, in accordance with anembodiment of the present teaching;

FIG. 4C shows an exemplary setting for calibrating sensors and derivinga transformation matrix for a pair of sensors using integrated fiducialmarkers, in accordance with an embodiment of the present teaching;

FIGS. 5A-5B show a different configuration of multiple integratedfiducial markers for simultaneously calibrating sensors and deriving atransformation matrices between different sensors, in accordance with anembodiment of the present teaching;

FIGS. 6A-6C show different exemplary 3D structures constructed with ametal surface, in accordance with an embodiment of the present teaching;

FIG. 6D illustrates an exemplary integrated fiducial marker with a 3Dstructure attached in the front having a metal surface to reflectsignals, in accordance with an embodiment of the present teaching;

FIG. 6E shows an exemplary scheme of deploying an integrated fiducialmarker having a 3D structure attached to the front with a metal surfaceto enable simultaneously calibration of multiple types of sensors, inaccordance with an embodiment of the present teaching;

FIG. 6F illustrates a different exemplary integrated fiducial markerwith a 3D structure attached in the back having a metal surface toreflect signals, in accordance with an embodiment of the presentteaching;

FIG. 6G shows a different scheme of deploying an integrated fiducialmarker having a 3D structure attached to the back with a metal surfaceto enable simultaneously calibration of multiple types of sensors, inaccordance with an embodiment of the present teaching;

FIG. 7A depicts an exemplary 3D structure with a metal surface and amarker GPS device incorporated therein, in accordance with an embodimentof the present teaching;

FIG. 7B depicts an exemplary internal high level system diagram of amarker GPS device, in accordance with an embodiment of the presentteaching;

FIG. 7C illustrates an exemplary pattern of broadcasting a GPS relatedsignal from a marker GPS device, in accordance with an embodiment of thepresent teaching;

FIG. 7D depicts an exemplary scheme of automated initiation ofcalibrating multiple types of sensors of different types via anintegrated fiducial marker with a GPS device incorporated therein, inaccordance with an embodiment of the present teaching;

FIG. 8 depicts a general networked configuration in which movingvehicles detect presence of distributed integrated fiducial markers inorder to automatically initiating calibration of sensors deployedthereon, in accordance with an embodiment of the present teaching;

FIG. 9A depicts an exemplary high level system diagram of an in-situmulti-sensor calibration unit deployed in a vehicle, in accordance withan embodiment of the present teaching;

FIG. 9B is a flowchart of an exemplary process of an in-situmulti-sensor calibration unit in a vehicle, in accordance with anembodiment of the present teaching;

FIG. 10A depicts an exemplary high level system diagram of an automaticcalibration initiator, in accordance with an embodiment of the presentteaching;

FIG. 10B is a flowchart of an exemplary process of an automaticcalibration initiator, in accordance with an embodiment of the presentteaching;

FIG. 11A depicts an exemplary high level system diagram of amulti-sensor calibrator, in accordance with an embodiment of the presentteaching;

FIG. 11B is a flowchart of an exemplary process of a multi-sensorcalibrator, in accordance with an embodiment of the present teaching;

FIG. 12 is an illustrative diagram of an exemplary mobile devicearchitecture that may be used to realize a specialized systemimplementing the present teaching in accordance with variousembodiments; and

FIG. 13 is an illustrative diagram of an exemplary computing devicearchitecture that may be used to realize a specialized systemimplementing the present teaching in accordance with variousembodiments.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In the following detailed description, numerous specific details are setforth by way of examples in order to facilitate a thorough understandingof the relevant teachings. However, it should be apparent to thoseskilled in the art that the present teachings may be practiced withoutsuch details. In other instances, well known methods, procedures,components, and/or circuitry have been described at a relativelyhigh-level, without detail, in order to avoid unnecessarily obscuringaspects of the present teachings.

The present teaching aims to address the deficiencies of the currentstate of the art in calibrating sensors and determining transformationmatrices among different pairs of sensors. The present teachingdiscloses an integrated fiducial marker that provides a single source ofmeasurement that makes measurements of different sensors comparable. Dueto the comparability of measurements using the fiducial marker disclosedherein, exemplary configurations of a plurality of such integratedfiducial markers are also disclosed that enable efficient derivation oftransformation matrices while calibrating multiple sensors at the sametime. Such transformation matrices are used to correspond points indifferent coordinate systems between each pair of sensors.

The integrated fiducial marker according to the present teaching mayalso incorporate a GPS device with a receiver and a transmitter whichsends out the geospatial pose information of the marker. Suchtransmitted GPS information enables a vehicle to determine a distancebetween the vehicle and the integrated fiducial marker. Such determineddistance may then be used to by the vehicle to automatically initiate acalibration session. This makes it possible for a vehicle to conductcalibration when within a certain distance from available fiducialmarkers in order to dynamically update the calibration parameters ofsensors deployed on the vehicle as well as the transformation matricesfor different pairs of sensors.

FIG. 1 illustrates an autonomous vehicle 100 with different sensorsdeployed thereon, in accordance with an embodiment of the presentteaching. In this illustrated embodiment, the autonomous vehicle is atruck (without trailer) that has sensors mounted on top and in front ofthe vehicle. The exemplary sensors as shown in FIG. 1 includes, forinstance, stereo cameras 110 and 130 on top of the truck 100 forobserving obstacles located in front of the vehicle, a LiDAR sensor 120for providing depth information of the front view, a radar sensor 150 atthe front of the truck, and additional cameras 140 and 150 for observingthe road conditions. These exemplary sensors are installed at theirdesignated positions and each is responsible for certain roles to gatherspecific type of information useful for the vehicle to make autonomousdriving related decisions. For example, stereo camera pair 110 and 130may be designated to not only see the visual scenes (objects such astrees, road signs, buildings, other obstacle vehicles, and lane marks,etc.) but also estimate the depth of the objects observed. The LiDARsensor 120 may be designated to measure directly the depth informationof the scene in front of the vehicle 100 and provide a depth map for thescene in a scan range. Radar sensor 150 may be used to sense obstaclesin front of the vehicle at a lower height to detect distance of anyobstacle near the road surface in front of the vehicle. Camera 140 and160 may be used to detect objects close to the road surface such as lanemarks before the vehicle.

Different types of sensors may be deployed on an autonomous vehicle.FIG. 2A shows exemplary types of sensors that may be deployed on anautonomous vehicle, in accordance with an embodiment of the presentteaching. Sensors may be in multiple modalities (200). Some sensors maybe directed for active sensing (210), some may be directed forenvironment sensing (220), and some may be passive sensing (230).Examples of active sensors may include radar sensor (210-1), LiDARsensor (210-2), that act (emit and measure) actively to collectinformation needed. Examples of passive sensors include photographicsensors such as cameras (230-2) or thermal sensors (230-1) that collectdata on whatever imprinted on them. Environment sensing may be conductedbased on information from one or more sensors and what is sensed isabout the environment such as the lighting condition (220-1), theweather condition such as rain or snow (220-2), the condition of theroad such as being wet or covered by snow (220-3), driving relatedparameters such as slope of the road (220-4), . . . , and condition ofthe traffic such as how crowded the road is (220-5).

Different types of sensors may operate in accordance with differenttechnological principles. For example, some sensors may be directed togather visual data based on perception such as cameras; some may bedirected to distance such as LiDAR and radar; some may use light ofdifferent wavelengths for scanning such as radar and LiDAR, etc.Different sensors responsible for gathering designated information maybe strategically installed at appropriate parts of the vehicle. This isshown in FIG. 2B, where different sensor racks are mounted at differentparts of a vehicle to provide sensing information to facilitateautonomous driving, in accordance with an embodiment of the presentteaching. Each sensor rack may have one or more sensors mounted therein.In this illustrated embodiment, there are four visible sensor racks 250,260, 270, and 280, installed on different locations of truck 240,respectively, on the top (250), at the low front (260), at the frontside (270), and at the right side of the truck (280). There may beparallel or counterpart of sensor racks 270 and 280 installed on theopposing sides of the truck (not shown). Each rack may also havedifferent types of sensors mounted. For instance, the sensors in rack250 may be for long distance obstacle observation in terms of bothvisually observable objects and their depth measurements. The sensorrack 260 may include sensors responsible for detecting obstacles in acloser distance to the vehicle 240. The sensors racks installed on thesides of the truck may be for observing obstacles on both sides of thevehicle 240. The back of the truck may also have a rack with sensorsdesignated for observe what is in the rare end of the vehicle. In thismanner, the truck is made aware of its surroundings so that anyautonomous driving decision may be made according to the surroundingsituation.

When such sensor racks are installed on a vehicle for their respectiveroles to collect needed information, it is essential that such sensorsare operational to provide reliable and accurate information needed whenthe vehicle is on the move. As discussed herein, traditionally, due todiversity of sensor types and the difference in operational principles,each sensor is calibrated individually. Pair wise transformationmatrices have to be computed for each pair of sensors in a separatemanner. As a consequence, the residual error left in the sensor-paircalibration may accumulate in the combination calibration, which cancause problems. This is illustrated in FIGS. 3A-3B, which show exemplaryconfigurations of different types of sensors calibrated separately inseparate coordinate systems and transformations thereof. In FIG. 3A,there are three exemplary sensors 310 (e.g., a radar sensor), 320 (e.g.,a LiDAR sensor), and 330 (e.g., a camera sensor), each of which iscalibrated separately with respect to its own coordinate system. Forinstance, sensor 310 (a radar) operates in coordinate system X1-Y1-Z1,sensor 320 (LiDAR) operates in coordinate system X2-Y2-Z2, and sensor330 (camera) operates in coordinate system X3-Y3-Z3. FIG. 3B shows foursensors and similarly each of the sensors therein operates in its owncoordinate system X1-Y1-Z1, X2-Y2-Z2, X3-Y3-Z3, and X4-Y4-Z4,respectively.

To allow different sensors to interoperate with each other,transformation matrices for different pairs of sensors may be derived.As shown, a transformation matrix T12 may be for converting points incorresponding coordinate systems used by sensor 310 and sensor 320. Sucha transformation matrix is derived based on two sets of correspondingpoints in these two coordinate systems. In traditional art, suchcorresponding points may be determined in separate calibration processesapplied to the two sensors, which can be time consuming. In an examplewith 4 sensors, as shown in FIG. 3B, there will be another 5transformation matrices (T23, T34, T13, T14, and T24) that need to becomputed. When there are more than two sensors, the processes ofcalibrating individual sensors and then the pair-wise transformationmatrices will take a significant amount of time and labor intensive. Inaddition, the residual errors from the respective calibrations ofindividual sensors may be accumulated while computing the transformationmatrices.

FIGS. 4A-4B show an exemplary fiducial marker 400 for simultaneouslycalibrating multiple sensors, in accordance with an embodiment of thepresent teaching. FIG. 4A shows an exemplary 3D fiducial marker 400corresponds to a 3D structure with a plurality of surfaces, with 6frontal surfaces (410, 420, 430, 440, 450, and 460) intersecting at acenter point I 470. In this illustrated embodiments, the 3D structure410 is a convex 3D structure with the interaction center point 470 as aprotruded point on 410. In some embodiments, the plurality services mayalso intersect in a way to form a concave 3D structure (not shown) wherethe intersecting point 470 is correspondingly a depressed point in theconcave 3D structure. FIG. 4B provides an exemplary corresponding linedrawing version of the 3D fiducial marker 400, which shows 7 vertices(A, B, C, D, E, F, and G) that form 9 surfaces, including the frontalsurfaces and surfaces in the back formed by vertices ACDB, AEFB, andBFGD. In this exemplary embodiment, each of the frontal surfaces isdesigned to have a different color or texture. The frontal surfacesintersect at the center point I (470), which in this embodiment is astructurally protruded point at the intersection of the frontalsurfaces.

The center point 470 serves as a feature point on the fiducial marker400 that can be recognized or identified by different sensors. As allsensors can recognize the same point (the center point 470), theirrespective measurements are comparable. Based on the construction of thefiducial marker 400, as each of the frontal surfaces is of a differentcolor or texture, the center point 470 may be visually identified froman image of the marker by locating the intersection of different colorpatches. With respect to a depth based sensor such as a LiDAR, thecenter point 470 may be identified by analyzing the scanned depth valuesof the marker and finding a singular (local minimum) depth value in thedepth map. Although this exemplary fiducial marker is constructed with acenter point protruded, other constructs may also be possible. Forexample, instead of protruded, the center point 470 may also beconcaved, i.e., the frontal surfaces are inward towards the interior ofthe 3D structure (not shown). In this case, the concaved center pointcan still be visually identified based on color/texture analysis. At thesame time, as the depth value of the center point is corresponding to alocal maximum value, it can still be identified. As both a visual basedsensor and a depth based sensor can readily identify the center point I470 on the fiducial marker 400 as a feature point, the marker 400 can beused to calibrate different types of sensors at the same time. Asdifferent sensors identify the same feature point on the same marker,the 3D points in their respective coordinate systems are correspondingpoints and can be used to determine the transformation matrix betweenthe two coordinate systems.

FIG. 4C shows an exemplary setting for deriving a transformation matrixbetween two sensors while simultaneously calibrating the sensors usingfiducial markers, in accordance with an embodiment of the presentteaching. As discussed herein, to determine a transformation matrixbetween two coordinate systems for two sensors, at least 4 featurepoints from each coordinate system that are not all on the same planeare needed. The exemplary embodiment shown in FIG. 4C provides fourfiducial markers, i.e., 400-1, 400-2, 400-3, and 400-4, which aredistributed in space so that their center points are not all on the same3D plane. This example shows two sensors, camera 480 and LiDAR 490, thatcan be simultaneously calibrated using the integrated set of fourfiducial markers based on their respective center points 470-1, 470-2,470-3, and 470-4. Each sensor will detect four 3D points in their ownrespective coordinate systems X1-Y1-Z1 and X2-Y2-Z2, corresponding tothe four center points on the four fiducial markers. For example, basedon an acquired image of each of the markers, the camera sensor 480 (orits image processing algorithm) may locate the corresponding centerpoint by identifying the intersection point of different color/texturepatches in the image. Similarly, the LiDAR sensor 490 (or its signalprocessing algorithm) may also locate the center point of each of thefiducial markers by identifying a peak depth point in a scanned dataset.

The four center points detected by camera 480 from its visual sensordata forms a first set of 3D points in coordinate system X1-Y1-Z1. Thefour center points detected by LiDAR 490 from its scan data forms asecond set of 3D points in coordinate system X2-Y2-Z2. The two sets ofpoints are corresponding points and can then be used to compute thetransformation matrix Ti. While this example illustrates the conceptusing four fiducial markers (not on the same surface), more fiducialmarkers may also be used.

FIGS. 5A-5B show a different configuration of integrating differentfiducial markers for facilitating multi-sensor calibration andderivation of transformation matrices, in accordance with an embodimentof the present teaching. In this example, instead of spatiallydistributing four fiducial markers apart, as shown in FIG. 5A, four (ormore) fiducial markers, i.e., 400-1, 400-2, 400-3, and 400-4, may bestacked in a way that not all center points (470-1, 470-2, 470-3, and470-4) are on the same plane. The stacked multiple fiducial markers maybe used to calibrate multiple sensors and derive pair-wisetransformation matrices. One example is shown in FIG. 5B, in accordancewith an embodiment of the present teaching. Compared with what is shownin FIG. 4C, where four fiducial markers are spatially spaced, thestacked cluster of fiducial markers as shown in FIG. 5B occupy lessspace, easier to deploy, and allow sensors to gather data foridentifying corresponding center points in a narrower field of view.However, a high level of resolution in terms of recognizing featurepoints are needed.

As discussed herein, the construct of the 3D fiducial marker 400 allowsnot only simultaneously calibrate multiple sensors but also calibrationof different types of sensors (such as visual and depth based sensors).There are other types of sensors that may operate differently. Forinstance, a radar device (sensor) operates to detect distance to anobject by emitting a concentrated radio wave and then listening for echocaused by electromagnetic energy bounced back from a surface of anobject in the path of the radio wave. To equip the fiducial marker 400with the ability to calibrate a radar sensor, the present teachingdiscloses additional means to be incorporated with the fiducial marker400 to allow a further integrated marker for reflecting radio waves.

FIG. 6A shows an exemplary 3D structure 610 constructed with a metalsurface, in accordance with an embodiment of the present teaching. Inthis example, the 3D structure 610 corresponds to a rectangular prismwith a (front) surface 620 having metal thereon for receiving radiowaves and bouncing back electromagnetic energy. It is also possible tocover more surfaces on the 3D structure with metal, either partially orfully. One embodiment is shown in FIG. 6B, in which three sides (620-1,620-2, and 620-3) of the 3D structure 610 has metal surfaces. Inaddition, although this illustrated exemplary embodiment is arectangular prism, the 3D structure may take other different shapes. Oneexemplary shape may be a cylindrical prism 610-2, as shown in FIG. 6C,with both ends truncated and the front cross section 620-4 covered withmetal. In some embodiments, the curved cylinder surface of 610-2 mayalso be fully or partially covered with metal (not shown). In anotherembodiment, instead of a truncated the front cross section, the frontmay not be truncated with a round end covered with metal (not shown).

FIG. 6D shows an integrated fiducial marker 600 having the 3D structure610 integrated with the fiducial marker 400, in accordance with anembodiment of the present teaching. As illustrated, the 3D structure 610is attached to the fiducial marker 400 at the center point location 470.This form of integration may not significantly affect the identificationof the center point 470 in visual/depth based feature point recognition.In the visual mode, the intersection point of different color patches inan 2D image may still be approximately estimated with accuracy,particularly given the known knowledge that each surface has a vanishingpoint. Given that, even if the vanishing point is not visible because ofthe presence of the 3D structure 610, it can be estimated based on theboundary lines of each color patch. In estimating the center point basedon a depth map (e.g., in case of LiDAR), as the dimension of the 3Dstructure 610 is relatively small, the identified peak depth value onthe front surface of the 3D structure 610 remains to be the localminimum depth value which is approximately corresponding to the locationof the actual center point 470. To estimate the precise center pointlocation 470, it can be accurately inferred from the depth of the frontsurface of the 3D structure 610.

With the integrated fiducial marker 600, FIG. 6E shows a setting inwhich different types of sensors may be calibrated using the sameintegrated fiducial marker 600. As shown, there are two sensors, one is,e.g., a camera 480 and the other, e.g., a radar sensor 310. As discussedherein, to calibrate camera 480, images of the marker 600 are capturedand analyzed to identify different color patches of different sides indifferent colors/textures of the marker 600 in order to estimate theintersection point. On the other hand, to calibrate the radar sensor310, the radar emits a concentrated radio wave 310-1 and then listeningfor any echo 310-2 caused by electromagnetic energy bounced back fromthe surface 620 of the 3D structure 610 (now part of the integratedfiducial marker 600). Based on the echoes, the location of the centerpoint 470 may be determined in accordance with the known radartechnologies. When at least 4 integrated fiducial markers are providedin a way that their center points are not on the same plane (either in adistributed manner such as shown in FIG. 4C or in a stacked manner asshown in FIG. 5B), a transformation matrix for the pair of sensors maybe determined based on two corresponding sets of feature (center)points, as discussed herein.

Alternative ways to incorporate 3D structure 610 may also be used toform an integrated fiducial marker. FIG. 6F illustrates a differentexemplary scheme to incorporate the 3D structure 610, in accordance withan embodiment of the present teaching. As seen in FIG. 6F, structure 610in this case is attached to point B of the fiducial marker 400 in theback surface formed by vertices ACDB and with the metal surface facingoutward.

FIG. 6G depicts a configuration for calibrating a radar sensor based onan integrated fiducial marker with a reflective metal surface in theback of the marker, in accordance with an embodiment of the presentteaching. In this example, a 3D structure with a metal surface isincorporated at vertex B in the back surface 460 of the fiducial marker400. The radar sensor emits radio waves (630). When the radio wavesreach the metal surface 620 in the back of the marker 400, theelectromagnetic energy is bounced back in direction 640 and received bythe radar. The time it takes for the radar to receive the bouncedelectromagnetic energy can then be used to determine the distancebetween the radar and point B of the marker 400. In some embodiments,when the dimension of the marker 400 is known, the center point I 470 inthe front of the marker 400 may accordingly be estimated and can be usedas a corresponding feature point in estimating a transformation matrixwith respect to another sensor. Conversely, if another sensor beingcalibrated simultaneously with the radar sensor detects the center pointI 470 of fiducial marker 400, it may infer the 3D location of point Bbased on detected center point 470 and the known dimension of the 3Dstructure 610.

To use a fiducial marker (either 400 or 600) for calibration or derivingpair-wise transformation matrices for sensor pairs, a vehicle withdifferent sensors deployed thereon may be required to be within acertain distance from the markers. In some situations, the vehicle mayalso need to be oriented in a certain way with respect to the markers.Such requirements may be met when calibrations are done in a staticsetting, i.e., either the vehicle can be manually driven to a certaindesignated position with respect to the markers for the calibration ormarkers may be arranged around the parking vehicle to satisfy therequirements. The calibration may then be initiated manually once thevehicle and the markers are in appropriate relative positions. However,a more realistic situation, especially with autonomous driving vehicles,is the need to calibrate sensors in a dynamic situation whenever theneed is detected, e.g., when a vehicle is on travel without access to aspecialized environment with assistance from specialized personnel. Insuch situations, as the personnel who has knowledge of the requiredspatial configuration between the vehicle and markers is not available,there is a need for enable the vehicle to automatically detecting thepresence of fiducial markers, orienting itself with respect to thedetected fiducial markers in a certain way, and initiating thecalibration process once the vehicle is positioned relative to themarkers in some required spatial configuration.

The present teaching discloses an exemplary mechanism that enables avehicle to achieve automated initiation of calibration process. FIG. 7Ashows an exemplary 3D structure 700 with a marker GPS 710 embeddedtherein, in accordance with an embodiment of the present teaching. Asillustrated in this embodiment, 3D structure 700 has not only a metalsurface (as in 3D structure 600 shown in FIG. 6A) but also a marker GPS710 to be used to enable a vehicle having its own GPS therein to be ableto estimate a distance between the marker GPS 710 and the vehicle basedon signals from the marker GPS 710. The improved 3D structure 700 is tobe incorporated with fiducial marker 400 (e.g., in a similar way asshown in FIG. 6D) to form an integrated fiducial marker 750 (shown inFIG. 7D).

FIG. 7B depicts an exemplary internal high level construct of the markerGPS 710, in accordance with an embodiment of the present teaching. Inthis illustrated embodiment, the marker GPS 710 comprises a GPS signalreceiver 720, a marker pose determiner 730, and a marker GPS relatedsignal broadcaster 740. The GPS signal receiver 720 is to receive GPSsignals from, e.g., a satellite, on information which can be used todetermine the geolocation of the marker. The marker pose determiner 730is to determine, based on the received GPS signals, the pose of the 3Dstructure 700. The pose includes a geolocation and orientation of theunderlying structure. Such orientation may represent the directionalityof the 3D structure 700, e.g., facing northeast or southwest. The markerGPS related signal broadcaster 740 is to broadcast information relatedto the geo information of the marker.

In some embodiments, the orientation of the 3D structure 700 may bedetermined based on the received GPS signals. In some embodiments, theorientation may need to be determined based on additional information,e.g., information from a compass or an inertial measurement unit or IMUon the 3D structure 700. Both geolocation and orientation informationare important to enable a vehicle to not only determine whether it iswithin a needed distance to initiate calibration but also how thevehicle may be oriented to carry out the calibration for relevantsensors. Once the pose of the 3D structure 700 is determined, the markerpose determiner 730 sends the estimated pose information to the markerGPS related signal broadcaster 740 so that the pose information may betransmitted or broadcast so that passing vehicles to receive suchsignals. In some embodiments, the marker pose information may bebroadcast in some selected or pre-determined directions. For example,the marker pose may be transmitted along the direction extended out fromthe metal surface (or frontal surfaces) of the integrated fiducialmarker 750. When the pose signals are transmitted in a limiteddirections (or scope), it may ensure that any vehicle that receives thesignals is within a limited field of view. In some embodiments, themarker pose may also be broadcast in a wider range or in all directionsas shown in FIG. 7C. Such operational parameters may be determined basedon application needs.

In some embodiments, instead of determining the marker pose by themarker pose determiner 730, the GPS signal receiver 720 may, uponreceiving the GPS signal, send the received GPS signal directly to themarker GPS related signal broadcaster 740. In this case, what isbroadcast to the passing vehicles is the marker GPS signal received bythe GPS signal receiver 720 so that the passing vehicles may use themarker GPS signals broadcast by the marker to determine the geolocationof the marker. In some embodiments, additional information may also bebroadcast together with the marker GPS signals to enable the passingvehicles to determine the pose (geolocation and orientation) of themarker. Thus, what is sent from the marker GPS related signalbroadcaster 740 may be generally called marker GPS related signals,which may include either the estimated marker pose or the GPS signalswith additional information needed in order to determine the pose of themarker by a recipient of the broadcast GPS related signal.

FIG. 7D illustrates an exemplary configuration of calibrating multiplesensors and deriving transformation matrices using an integratedfiducial marker 750 that enables automated initiation of the process, inaccordance with an embodiment of the present teaching. In this setting,an integrated fiducial marker 750 is structured with the fiducial marker400 combined with the 3D structure 700. As discussed herein, thefiducial marker 400 can be used to simultaneously calibrate both visualbased on depth based sensors and make their measurements comparable soas to facilitate computations of pair wise transformation matrices whilecalibrating the sensors. The integrated fiducial marker 750 with the 3Dstructure 700 having both metal surface 620 and a marker GPS 710,enables calibration of radar sensors as well and supports automatedcalibration initiation.

In operation, a vehicle 760 equipped with its in-situ vehicle GPS 770may receive GPS signals and derive information on its own geolocationand optionally its pose. At the same time, the marker GPS 710 in theintegrated fiducial marker 750 also receives GPS signals and broadcastGPS related signals, which may be an estimated marker pose (includinggeolocation and orientation) and/or GPS related signals received withadditional needed information to facilitate a determination of themarker pose by the vehicle 760. In this exemplary embodiment, thevehicle 760 includes a marker GPS related signal receiver 780 forreceiving the marker GPS related signal transmitted by the marker GSrelated signal broadcaster 740. The received marker GPS related signalmay then be used by the vehicle to obtain the marker pose information(which is either included in the marker GPS related signal or computedby the vehicle based on received marker GPS signal). With the vehiclepose and marker pose obtained, a marker distance determiner 790 in thevehicle may then compute a distance between the vehicle and theintegrated fiducial marker 750. The vehicle may be configured todetermine that calibration of sensors may not start until the vehicle iswithin a specified distance to the integrated fiducial marker 750. Whenthe vehicle is within a specified distance from the integrated fiducialmarker 750, the vehicle may then initiate the calibration. The specifieddistance threshold may be made dynamic, e.g., in the day lightcondition, the threshold may be higher and in a darker situation such asevening hours or raining days, a different larger threshold distancevalue may be used for the initiation.

In some embodiments, in addition to a distance that may be consideredfor determining when to initiate the calibration, a discrepancy inorientation between the integrated fiducial marker 750 and sensors to becalibrated may also be taken into account to ensure that the integratedfiducial marker 750 is in the field of view (or scan range) of thesensor. To determine the discrepancy, both the orientation of thefiducial marker 750 and that of the sensors to be calibrated need to bedetermined. In some embodiments, the orientation of the sensors to becalibrated may be determined by the vehicle based on, e.g., a knownorientation of the vehicle and the configuration of sensors deployed onthe vehicle. For instance, the orientation of the vehicle may bedetermined from the GPS signals received from a satellite (e.g., basedon the moving trajectory of the vehicle). Based on that, the orientationof sensors to be calibrated may be determined based on the configurationof sensors that specifies the relative positions of such sensors withrespect to the vehicle. The orientation of the integrated fiducialmarker 750 may be received by the marker GPS related signal receiver 780in the vehicle or determined by the vehicle based on received marker GPSrelated signal from the integrated fiducial marker 750. Based on theorientations of the marker and the sensors, the discrepancy may bedetermined and used to, e.g., adjust the pose of the vehicle in orderfor the vehicle to be oriented in a way that facilitate the neededcalibration.

To enable computation of transformation matrix for a pair of sensors,multiple fiducial markers may be used together to provide at least 4corresponding feature points simultaneously. At least one of suchmultiple markers corresponds to an integrated fiducial marker with GPScapabilities to facilitate passing vehicles to detect the presence ofthe cluster of multiple fiducial markers. The multiple fiducial markersmay either be placed in a geographically close proximity to facilitatemulti-sensor calibration as shown in FIG. 4C or stacked to achieve thesame as shown in FIG. 5B. Such a 3D configuration of multiple fiducialmarkers may be used to calibrate sensors of the same or different typesat the same time. Because different sensors are all calibrated based onthe same marker, the measurements yielded in their respective coordinatesystems are now comparable. Those corresponding feature points indifferent coordinate systems (the center points of the individualmarkers in the integrated fiducial marker) identified by differentsensors may then be used to compute the pairwise transformationmatrices.

The disclosed integrated fiducial markers may be deployed to replace thetraditional calibration operations to save time, labor, and reduceaccumulated error. In addition to that, the inclusion of the GPS devicein the integrated fiducial marker also makes it possible to enableautomated initiation of a calibration operation. Traditionally, tocalibrate a sensor, the sensor is placed with respect to a target to beused for calibration in accordance with some spatial relationship, e.g.,within a certain distance and within some defined field of view or scanrange. With the integrated fiducial markers as disclosed herein, sensorsto be calibrated may also need to be located in a close proximity withthe markers with appropriate orientation. With the GPS deviceoperational on the fiducial markers, as discussed herein, the process ofensuring that sensors to be calibrated are within a certain requireddistance from the markers and being oriented in a way to ensurecalibration can be done automatically. This enables more flexible anddynamic ways for vehicles to have sensors deployed thereon to becalibrated in different situations.

FIG. 8 depicts a general networked framework 800 for dynamic sensorcalibration, in accordance with an embodiment of the present teaching.In this networked configuration, vehicles 810-a, 810-b, . . . , 810-i(either moving or stationary) detect presence of distributed integratedfiducial markers 820-1, 820-2, . . . , 820-i in order to determine whento automatically initiate calibration of sensors deployed on thevehicles. In this configuration, there is no limit on the geographicallocations of the various vehicles and the distributed integratedfiducial markers. For example, integrated fiducial markers may begeographically allocated at different appropriate locations, e.g.,parking lot, rest areas along highways, residential areas, etc. ofdifferent cities, states, or even countries. Vehicles in differentcities, states, or even countries may detect, while nearby (eitherpassing by or reside close to) any of such distributed integratedfiducial markers, the presence of such markers and initiate, if needed,desired calibration. In this manner, calibration may be carried out in aneed based manner at any place where integrated fiducial markers can bedetected. Such detection may be carried out via network connections. Inthis configuration, as discussed herein, a vehicle with GPS operatingtherein receives GPS signals and determines its geolocation. At the sametime, the marker signal receiver 780 (see FIG. 7D) in the vehicle mayreceive marker GPS related signals broadcast from different markers. Foreach received marker GPS related signal from a marker, the markerdistance determiner 790 in the vehicle computes the distance between thevehicle and the marker based on the ego geolocation and the geolocationof the marker. Such computed distance may then be used to determine whenthe vehicle may initiate calibration.

FIG. 9A depicts an exemplary high level system diagram of an in-situmulti-sensor calibration unit 900 deployed in a vehicle, in accordancewith an embodiment of the present teaching. In this exemplaryembodiment, the in-situ multi-sensor calibration unit 900 is deployedfor controlling sensor calibration based on fiducial markers detected inaccordance with the present teaching discussed herein. The exemplaryin-situ multi-sensor calibration unit 900 is configured to allowdifferent modes of operation to initiate multi-sensor calibration. Onemode of operation is a manual triggering mode. The other mode is anautomated mode based on automatically detected marker GPS relatedsignals from integrated fiducial markers. The in-situ multi-sensorcalibration unit 900 as illustrated herein includes a triggering modecontroller 910, an automatic calibration initiator 920, a manualcalibration initiator 930, a multi-sensor calibrator 940. In operation,the triggering mode controller 910 controls, based on the configuredtrigger mode, either the manual calibration initiator 930 or theautomatic calibration initiator 920 to trigger, by sending a calibrationtrigger signal, the multi-sensor calibrator 940 to initiate themulti-sensor calibration.

In the manual mode, once activated by the trigger mode controller 920,the manual calibration initiator 930 interacts with a user and receivesa command from the user for initiating the calibration process. In someembodiments, the user may provide the command with the knowledge thatthere are adequate number of fiducial markers within a certain rangefrom the vehicle and/or the vehicle is oriented in such a way withrespect to the markers that calibration of certain sensors can befacilitated. Upon receiving the manual command from the user, the manualcalibration initiator 930 sends a trigger signal to the multi-sensorcalibrator 940.

In an automated mode, the automatic calibration initiator 920 receivesboth GPS signals directed to the vehicle and the marker GPS relatedsignals from one or more integrated fiducial markers. As discussedherein, based on these two received signals, a distance between thevehicle and the integrated fiducial marker from which the marker GPSrelated signal is received may be computed. In some embodiments, inaddition to the geolocation of the marker, its pose includingorientation, of the marker may also be determined. When the distance sodetermined satisfies certain pre-determined criteria, the automaticcalibration initiator 920 sends a calibration trigger signal to themulti-sensor calibrator 940 to initiate the calibration.

The multi-sensor calibrator 940, once triggered, may determine how toproceed to calibrate based on, e.g., which sensors need calibration,where such sensors are deployed on the vehicle (e.g., based oninformation stored in sensor configurations 960), which ones of thesesensors are used in combination with other sensors (e.g., specified insensor pairwise configuration 950 or pairwise transformation matricesspecified in 960), etc. FIG. 9B is a flowchart of an exemplary processof the in-situ multi-sensor calibration unit 900 deployed in a vehicle,in accordance with an embodiment of the present teaching. In operation,the triggering mode controller 910 first access configurationinformation to decide, at 915, whether it is configured to operate in amanual or an automatic mode. If it is configured to operate in a manualmode, determined at 925, the triggering mode controller 910 activatesthe manual calibration initiator 930, which then proceeds to check, at935, whether a manual command is received, e.g., from a user such as adriver or a maintenance personnel. It continues the check until a manualcommand is received. Upon receiving the manual command to start thecalibration, the manual calibration initiator 930 triggers, at 945, thecalibration by sending a triggering signal to the multi-sensorcalibrator 940.

If it is configured to operate in an automatic mode, determined at 925,the triggering mode controller 910 activates the automatic calibrationinitiator 920. Upon being activated, the automatic calibration initiator920 receives, at 955, both signals from the vehicle GPS and the markerGPS. The vehicle GPS signal indicates the geolocation of the vehicledetermined by the vehicle GPS device, the marker GPS signal broadcast ortransmitted by one or more integrated fiducial markers may indicate thegeolocation(s) (and/or pose) of the marker(s). As discussed herein, insome embodiments, the marker's geolocations and orientations may beestimated at the vehicle. Based on such received GPS relatedinformation, the automatic calibration initiator 920 may then determinethe distance between the vehicle and the detected markers, as discussedherein. When the distance between the vehicle and the detected markerssatisfies a certain condition, the automatic calibration initiator 920sends, at 965, a calibration trigger signal to the multi-sensorcalibrator 940 to initiate the calibration process. In some embodiments,the condition to be met may also include orientation. In general, theautomatic calibration initiator 920 initiates the calibration whencriteria specified for calibration met all met.

Upon being triggered, either manually or automatically, the multi-sensorcalibrator 940 controls the sensors to be calibrated to start thecalibration and then obtains, at 975 from such sensors, the calibrationparameters derived from the calibration and 3D points estimated of thecorresponding center points 470 of the detected integrated fiducialmarkers from each such sensor in their respective coordinate systems.Based on the received calibration parameters, the multi-sensorcalibrator 940 updates, at 985, the respective calibration parameters ofsuch sensors. In addition, based on the 3D corresponding sets of pointsfrom different sensors, the multi-sensor calibrator 940 may then derivea transformation matrix for each pair of sensors and then save, at 995,the updated transformation matrices for such pairs in 960. Detailsrelated to the automatic calibration initiator 920 are provided below.

FIG. 10A depicts an exemplary high level system diagram of the automaticcalibration initiator 920, in accordance with an embodiment of thepresent teaching. In this illustrated embodiment, the automaticcalibration initiator 920 includes a vehicle geo location determiner1000, a marker geo location determiner 1010, a vehicle/marker distanceestimator 1020, a relative orientation determiner 1030, a vehicleorientation controller 1040, and a calibration trigger 1060. FIG. 10B isa flowchart of an exemplary process of the automatic calibrationinitiator 920, in accordance with an embodiment of the present teaching.In operation, the vehicle geo location determiner 1000 and the markergeo location determiner 1010 receive, at 1005, respectively, vehicle GPSinformation from satellite(s) and marker GPS related signal(s) fromintegrated fiducial marker(s). Based on such received information, thevehicle geo location determiner 1000 and the marker go locationdeterminer 1010 determine, at 1012, the geo location of the vehicle andthe geo location of the marker(s), respectively. Based on the marker GPSsignal received, the marker geo location determiner 1010 determines thegeo location of the marker(s). Using the determined vehicle and markergeo locations, the vehicle/marker distance estimator 1020 computes, at1015, the distance between the vehicle and the marker(s).

With respect to some criteria, e.g., the distance being smaller than athreshold, so long as the distance does not meet the criteria,determined at 1025, the vehicle geo location determiner 1000 and themarker geo location determiner 1010 continue to receive GPS informationfrom their respective sources. When the estimated distance meets thecriteria, the vehicle/marker distance estimator 1020 activates therelative orientation determiner 1030 that determines, at 1035, adiscrepancy in orientation between the vehicle and the detected fiducialmarker(s). As illustrated herein, to enable a sensor to use anintegrated fiducial marker for calibration, being in a close proximityto the markers may not be adequate and the markers need also to be inthe field of view of the sensor. The discrepancy in orientationdetermined by the relative orientation determiner 1030 may be used todetermine, e.g., a desired orientation that the vehicle needs to be inin order to calibrate a specific sensor. Such a desired orientation maybe determined based on, e.g., information stored in the markerorientation 1050 which specifies the orientation that a vehicle needs tobe positioned in order to utilize the markers to perform calibration.

The information of such determined desired orientation may be sent tothe vehicle orientation controller 1040, which receives information fromthe vehicle indicating the current orientation of the vehicle anddetermines, at 1045, whether the current vehicle pose satisfies thedesired orientation. If the current vehicle orientation is acceptablewith respect to the desired orientation, the vehicle orientationcontroller 1040 activates the calibration trigger 1060 that initiates,at 1065, the multi-sensor calibrator 940 by sending a calibrationtrigger signal. When the current vehicle orientation does not satisfythe desired orientation, the vehicle orientation controller 1040generates vehicle orientation control signal and sends to the vehicle tocontrol, at 1055, the vehicle to move around to be in the desiredorientation. The vehicle control process continues with steps 1035,1045, and 1055 until the vehicle orientation reaches an acceptable rangeof the desired orientation.

FIG. 11A depicts an exemplary high level system diagram of themulti-sensor calibrator 940, in accordance with an embodiment of thepresent teaching. In this illustrated embodiment, the multi-sensorcalibrator 940 comprises a sensor calibration controller 1110, a visualinformation based sensor calibrator 1120, a depth based sensorcalibrator 1130, and a transformation matrix determiner 1150. FIG. 11Bis a flowchart of an exemplary process of the multi-sensor calibrator940, in accordance with an embodiment of the present teaching. Inoperation, when the sensor calibration controller 1110 receives, at1105, a calibration trigger signal, it controls certain sensors to startto carry out the calibration. As discussed herein, the receivedcalibration trigger signal may be generated either manually based on amanual command from a user (either a driver of the vehicle or apersonnel for calibrating the sensors) or automatically based on thedetected relative spatial relationship between the vehicle and a set ofintegrated fiducial markers. The required relative spatial relationshipmay be defined based on distance and orientation consistency. In someembodiments, the trigger signal may also include indication of whichsensors are to be calibrated upon receiving the trigger signal. Forexample, a manual command may specify such information. In an automaticmode, the automatic calibration initiator 920 may also specify suchinformation based on, e.g., the sensed distance and pose of the markersrelative to which sensors deployed on the vehicle.

To control the calibration of certain sensors, the sensor calibrationcontroller 1110 may initiate the operation of such calibrators byappropriately activating, at 1115, relevant calibration modules based onthe nature of the sensors to be calibrated. As commonly known, somesensors operate based on visual information. Some sensors operate basedon depth or distance information. Different types of sensors may becalibrated differently. In this illustrated embodiment, exemplarycalibrators for visual information based sensor and depth based sensorsare provided and they are merely for illustration purposes and do notserve as limitation on what types of calibrator may be included in themulti-sensor calibrator 940.

Once activated, a calibrator then proceeds to calibrate sensors inappropriate modalities based on the activation signals from the sensorcalibration controller 1110. If a sensor to be calibrated is one thatoperates based on visual information, the sensor calibration controller1110 invokes the visual information based sensor calibrator 1120 tocalibrate the sensor. If a sensor to be calibrated is one that operateson depth or distance type of information, the sensor calibrationcontroller 1110 invokes the depth based sensor calibrator 1130 tocalibrate the sensor. Upon being activated, the activated calibrator(either 1120 Or 1130) then proceeds to calibrate, at 1125, one or moresensors by activating the sensors to collect sensor information and thencalibrating the sensors based on the received sensor information. Thecalibration parameters obtained by the calibrators (1120 or 1130) maythen be saved in a storage 1102 or used to update the previously storedcalibration parameters. 3D points estimated by each of the sensors beingcalibrated may also be sent, at 1135, from respective sensors to thetransformation matrix determiner 1150 for deriving correspondingtransformation matrices.

Once individual sensors are calibrated, pairwise transformation matricesbetween different pairs of sensors may be computed based on 3D pointsestimated by different sensors in their respective coordinate systems,as discussed herein. To determine pairs of sensors for which atransformation matrix is to be computed, the transformation matrixdeterminer 1150 accesses, e.g., configuration information stored in thesensor pairwise information storage 950. For each pair of sensors forwhich a transformation matrix is needed, identified at 1145, two sets of3D points corresponding to the detected marker points received fromrespective calibrator(s) are used to determine, at 1165, thetransformation matrix in accordance with the computation describedherein. Such computed transformation matrix is then stored, at 1175, inthe storage 960 for pairwise transformation matrices. The transformationmatrix determiner 1150 continues to compute different transformationmatrices for all pairs of sensors as specified by the sensor pairwiseconfiguration (from 950) until such matrices for all required pairs arecompleted, as determined at 1145.

As discussed herein, with the disclosed approach, not only multiplesensors can be simultaneously calibrated, because such different sensorsuse the same reference object (the integrated fiducial marker), the 3Dpoint sets identified by different sensors in their respectivecoordinate systems can be used as well to compute the transformationmatrices between different pairs of sensors. This remedies thedeficiencies of the state of the art in calibrating sensors andcomputing transformation matrices between different sensors.

FIG. 12 is an illustrative diagram of an exemplary mobile devicearchitecture that may be used to realize a specialized systemimplementing the methods of protecting sensors and sensor assembly asdisclosed in the present teaching in accordance with variousembodiments. In this example, a device on which the present teaching isimplemented corresponds to a mobile device 1200, including, but is notlimited to, a smart phone, a tablet, a music player, a handled gamingconsole, a global positioning system (GPS) receiver, and a wearablecomputing device (e.g., eyeglasses, wrist watch, etc.), or in any otherform factor. Mobile device 1200 may include one or more centralprocessing units (“CPUs”) 1240, one or more graphic processing units(“GPUs”) 1230, a display 1220, a memory 1260, a communication platform1210, such as a wireless communication module, storage 1290, and one ormore input/output (I/O) devices 1240. Any other suitable component,including but not limited to a system bus or a controller (not shown),may also be included in the mobile device 1200. As shown in FIG. 12 amobile operating system 1270 (e.g., iOS, Android, Windows Phone, etc.),and one or more applications 1280 may be loaded into memory 1260 fromstorage 1290 in order to be executed by the CPU 1240. The applications1280 may include suitable mobile apps for managing the tasks related tothe present teaching on mobile device 1200. User interactions may beachieved via the I/O devices 1240.

To implement various modules, units, and their functionalities describedin the present disclosure, computer hardware platforms may be used asthe hardware platform(s) for one or more of the elements describedherein. The hardware elements, operating systems and programminglanguages of such computers are conventional in nature, and it ispresumed that those skilled in the art are adequately familiar therewithto adapt those technologies to appropriate settings as described herein.A computer with user interface elements may be used to implement apersonal computer (PC) or other type of workstation or terminal device,although a computer may also act as a server if appropriatelyprogrammed. It is believed that those skilled in the art are familiarwith the structure, programming and general operation of such computerequipment and as a result the drawings should be self-explanatory.

FIG. 13 is an illustrative diagram of an exemplary computing devicearchitecture that may be used to realize a specialized systemimplementing various functionalities related to the present teaching inaccordance with various embodiments. Such a specialized systemincorporating the present teaching has a functional block diagramillustration of a hardware platform, which includes user interfaceelements. The computer may be a general purpose computer or a specialpurpose computer. Both can be used to implement a specialized system forthe present teaching. This computer 1300 may be used to implement anycomponent of conversation or dialogue management system, as describedherein. For example, various functions associated with the presentteaching may be implemented on a computer such as computer 1300, via itshardware, software program, firmware, or a combination thereof. Althoughonly one such computer is shown, for convenience, the computer functionsrelating to the conversation management system as described herein maybe implemented in a distributed fashion on a number of similarplatforms, to distribute the processing load.

Computer 1300, for example, includes COM ports 1350 connected to andfrom a network connected thereto to facilitate data communications.Computer 1300 also includes a central processing unit (CPU) 1320, in theform of one or more processors, for executing program instructions. Theexemplary computer platform includes an internal communication bus 1310,program storage and data storage of different forms (e.g., disk 1370,read only memory (ROM) 1330, or random access memory (RAM) 1340), forvarious data files to be processed and/or communicated by computer 1300,as well as possibly program instructions to be executed by CPU 1320.Computer 1300 also includes an I/O component 1360, supportinginput/output flows between the computer and other components thereinsuch as user interface elements 1380. Computer 1300 may also receiveprogramming and data via network communications.

Hence, aspects of the methods of dialogue management and/or otherprocesses, as outlined above, may be embodied in programming. Programaspects of the technology may be thought of as “products” or “articlesof manufacture” typically in the form of executable code and/orassociated data that is carried on or embodied in a type of machinereadable medium. Tangible non-transitory “storage” type media includeany or all of the memory or other storage for the computers, processorsor the like, or associated modules thereof, such as varioussemiconductor memories, tape drives, disk drives and the like, which mayprovide storage at any time for the software programming.

All or portions of the software may at times be communicated through anetwork such as the Internet or various other telecommunicationnetworks. Such communications, for example, may enable loading of thesoftware from one computer or processor into another, for example, inconnection with conversation management. Thus, another type of mediathat may bear the software elements includes optical, electrical andelectromagnetic waves, such as used across physical interfaces betweenlocal devices, through wired and optical landline networks and overvarious air-links. The physical elements that carry such waves, such aswired or wireless links, optical links or the like, also may beconsidered as media bearing the software. As used herein, unlessrestricted to tangible “storage” media, terms such as computer ormachine “readable medium” refer to any medium that participates inproviding instructions to a processor for execution.

Hence, a machine-readable medium may take many forms, including but notlimited to, a tangible storage medium, a carrier wave medium or physicaltransmission medium. Non-volatile storage media include, for example,optical or magnetic disks, such as any of the storage devices in anycomputer(s) or the like, which may be used to implement the system orany of its components as shown in the drawings. Volatile storage mediainclude dynamic memory, such as a main memory of such a computerplatform. Tangible transmission media include coaxial cables; copperwire and fiber optics, including the wires that form a bus within acomputer system. Carrier-wave transmission media may take the form ofelectric or electromagnetic signals, or acoustic or light waves such asthose generated during radio frequency (RF) and infrared (IR) datacommunications. Common forms of computer-readable media thereforeinclude for example: a floppy disk, a flexible disk, hard disk, magnetictape, any other magnetic medium, a CD-ROM, DVD or DVD-ROM, any otheroptical medium, punch cards paper tape, any other physical storagemedium with patterns of holes, a RAM, a PROM and EPROM, a FLASH-EPROM,any other memory chip or cartridge, a carrier wave transporting data orinstructions, cables or links transporting such a carrier wave, or anyother medium from which a computer may read programming code and/ordata. Many of these forms of computer readable media may be involved incarrying one or more sequences of one or more instructions to a physicalprocessor for execution.

Those skilled in the art will recognize that the present teachings areamenable to a variety of modifications and/or enhancements. For example,although the implementation of various components described above may beembodied in a hardware device, it may also be implemented as a softwareonly solution—e.g., an installation on an existing server. In addition,the fraudulent network detection techniques as disclosed herein may beimplemented as a firmware, firmware/software combination,firmware/hardware combination, or a hardware/firmware/softwarecombination.

While the foregoing has described what are considered to constitute thepresent teachings and/or other examples, it is understood that variousmodifications may be made thereto and that the subject matter disclosedherein may be implemented in various forms and examples, and that theteachings may be applied in numerous applications, only some of whichhave been described herein. It is intended by the following claims toclaim any and all applications, modifications and variations that fallwithin the true scope of the present teachings.

I claim:
 1. A system comprising: a plurality of fiducial markersarranged in space for calibration of multiple sensors of differenttypes, wherein each of the plurality of fiducial markers has a featurepoint to facilitate the calibration of the multiple sensors based ondetection of the feature points and estimation of corresponding 3Dcoordinates of the feature points with respect to respective coordinatesystems of the multiple sensors, each feature point based on anintersection of a plurality of planar facets on each fiducial marker,the plurality of planar facets having different colors from each other.2. The system of claim 1, wherein, for each fiducial marker, each of theplurality of planar facets is of a triangle shape; each of two adjacentsides of each of the triangle shaped planar facets touches in alignmentwith a side of another triangle shaped planar facet; and vertices of thetwo adjacent sides of each of the triangle shaped planar facets touch toform an intersection point of the fiducial marker; and the intersectionpoint corresponds to the feature point of the fiducial marker.
 3. Thesystem of claim 1, wherein the feature point of each fiducial marker iswhere the different colors meet.
 4. The system of claim 1, wherein thefeature point of each fiducial marker is detected visually or detectedbased on a geometric measurement associated with the feature point onthe fiducial marker.
 5. The system of claim 1, wherein each fiducialmarker comprises a sub-structure with a designated portion that reflectsa signal upon receiving the signal.
 6. The system of claim 5, whereinthe sub-structure is attached to the fiducial marker near the featurepoint, inwardly or outwardly, and reachable by the signal.
 7. The systemof claim 1, wherein the plurality of fiducial markers: are distributedin space within a field of view of the multiple sensors; and are groupedtogether to form a 3D construct, wherein the feature points of theplurality of the fiducial markers are facing the same direction.
 8. Amethod comprising: providing a plurality of fiducial markers forcalibration of multiple sensors of different types, wherein each of theplurality of fiducial markers has a feature point to facilitate thecalibration of the multiple sensors based on detection of the featurepoints and estimation of corresponding 3D coordinates of the featurepoints with respect to respective coordinate systems of the multiplesensors, each feature point based on an intersection of a plurality ofplanar facets on each fiducial marker, the plurality of planar facetshaving different colors from each other; and controlling a vehicle toadjust a pose of the vehicle to facilitate the calibration of themultiple sensors.
 9. The method of claim 8, wherein, for each fiducialmarker, each of the plurality of planar facets is of a triangle shape;each of two adjacent sides of each of the triangle shaped planar facetstouches in alignment with a side of another triangle shaped planarfacet; vertices of the two adjacent sides of each of the triangle shapedplanar facets touch to form the feature point of the 3D structure; andthe intersection point corresponds to the feature point of the fiducialmarker.
 10. The method of claim 8, wherein the feature point of eachfiducial marker is where the different colors meet.
 11. The method ofclaim 8, wherein the feature point of each fiducial marker is detectedvisually or detected based on a geometric measurement associated withthe feature point on the fiducial marker.
 12. The method of claim 8,wherein each fiducial marker comprises a sub-structure with a designatedportion that reflects a signal upon receiving the signal.
 13. The methodof claim 12, wherein the sub-structure is attached to the fiducialmarker near the feature point, inwardly or outwardly, and reachable bythe signal.
 14. The method of claim 8, wherein the plurality of fiducialmarkers: are distributed in space within a field of view of the multiplesensors; and are grouped together to form a 3D construct, wherein thefeature points of the plurality of the fiducial markers are facing thesame direction.
 15. A system for calibration of multiple sensors ofdifferent types, comprising: a plurality of fiducial markers arranged inspace for the calibration of the multiple sensors of different types,wherein each of the plurality of fiducial markers has a feature point tofacilitate the calibration of the multiple sensors based on detection ofthe feature points and estimation of corresponding 3D coordinates of thefeature points with respect to respective coordinate systems of themultiple sensors, each feature point based on an intersection of aplurality of planar facets on each fiducial marker, the plurality ofplanar facets having different colors from each other.
 16. The system ofclaim 15, wherein, for each fiducial marker, each of the plurality ofplanar facets is of a triangle shape; each of two adjacent sides of eachof the triangle shaped planar facets touches in alignment with a side ofanother triangle shaped planar facet; vertices of the two adjacent sidesof each of the triangle shaped planar facets touch to form the featurepoint of the fiducial marker; and the intersection point corresponds tothe feature point of the fiducial marker.
 17. The system of claim 15,wherein the feature point of each fiducial marker is where the differentcolors meet.
 18. The system of claim 15, wherein the feature point ofeach fiducial marker is detected visually or detected based on ageometric measurement associated with the feature point on the fiducialmarker.
 19. The system of claim 15, wherein each of the fiducial markerscomprises a sub-structure with a designated portion that reflects asignal upon receiving the signal.
 20. The system of claim 19, whereinthe sub-structure is attached to the fiducial marker near the featurepoint, inwardly or outwardly, and reachable by the signal.